This page is narrower than its title, and that is intentional. “Relations with Israel” can mean public opinion, covert contacts, trade, security coordination, rhetoric, or war. For a reader trying to orient quickly, the most useful first cut is the formal diplomatic map: who has a peace treaty, who has a normalization agreement, who has built a public diplomatic mission, and who still has not crossed that line.
As of April 19, 2026, the durable public record is relatively simple. Two neighboring Arab states have formal peace treaties with Israel. Three states that joined the Abraham Accords process have publicly documented Israeli diplomatic missions on the ground. Sudan signed onto the Abraham Accords framework but did not consolidate the same kind of mature diplomatic architecture. Saudi Arabia still says openly that it does not have diplomatic relations with Israel and will not establish them absent a Palestinian-state track.
Formal peace treaties: Egypt and Jordan
The oldest and clearest category is formal peace. Egypt and Israel signed their peace treaty on March 26, 1979. Jordan and Israel signed theirs on October 26, 1994. Those treaties remain the foundational Arab-Israeli peace documents in force. They matter because they are ratified interstate agreements, not just temporary understandings or quiet coordination. The text of the Egypt-Israel peace treaty and the text of the Israel-Jordan peace treaty are both available through the UN Peacemaker archive.
The Abraham Accords states with functioning public ties
The next category is normalization through the Abraham Accords era.
For the United Arab Emirates, the core document is the Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization. The relationship is no longer theoretical: Israel’s own foreign ministry states that its embassy in Abu Dhabi opened in June 2021 and serves as Israel’s formal diplomatic representation in the UAE. That is the clearest official sign that the relationship exists not only on paper but institutionally.
Bahrain’s formal instrument is the Declaration of Peace, Cooperation, and Constructive Diplomatic and Friendly Relations. Israel’s Bahrain mission is also active in public form, and Israeli official material from early 2026 refers to a newly appointed ambassador being received by Bahrain’s crown prince and prime minister. In other words, Bahrain remains inside the normalization framework in a way that is publicly visible.
Morocco is a related but slightly different case. The relevant document is the Joint Declaration between the Kingdom of Morocco, the United States and the State of Israel. Israel’s current official presence in Morocco is a liaison office in Rabat, and the Israeli mission describes the relationship as a renewal of diplomatic ties rather than a brand-new creation. Morocco belongs in the normalization category, but its public institutional form is still described through liaison-office language rather than a standard embassy structure.
Sudan is a partial case, not a mature one
Sudan should not be treated as interchangeable with the UAE, Bahrain, or Morocco. Sudan signed the Abraham Accords Declaration in January 2021, which is a real document and an important one. But a signed declaration is not the same thing as a consolidated diplomatic relationship with active public missions and routine bilateral infrastructure. For a page like this, Sudan belongs in a partial or incomplete normalization category, not in the same box as the states with visible, functioning diplomatic representation.
The Saudi track is still unrealized
Saudi Arabia remains the most important non-normalized state in this conversation, and the Kingdom has stated its position in official language. In a February 7, 2024 foreign ministry statement, Saudi Arabia said there will be no diplomatic relations with Israel unless an independent Palestinian state is recognized on the 1967 lines with East Jerusalem as its capital and the war in Gaza stops with Israeli forces withdrawing from the Strip. That does not settle the future. It does settle the current formal status: no diplomatic relations.
What this page does and does not claim
This page is about documented diplomatic standing, not about warmth, covert channels, or future possibilities. It does not claim that peace treaties eliminate hostility, that normalization agreements eliminate public opposition, or that unofficial contact amounts to recognition. It is simply a map of the formal record. On that record, the Middle East still contains more than one Israel story at the same time: durable treaty peace with Egypt and Jordan, public normalization with the UAE, Bahrain, and Morocco, a stalled Sudan track, and a Saudi track that remains explicitly conditional and not yet realized.